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Dressage Riding - Art and Criticism



Information about Dressage Riding

©R. Vidmar (echonet)

Horseback Riding & Horses » Equestrian Sports » Dressage Riding

Originally, these lessons were developed to make horses agile, obedient, and responsive in the heat of battle—skills that could mean the difference between life and death. Join us on a journey through the centuries, from the early teachings of the Greek master Xenophon, through the illustrious European riding schools, to the modern equestrian sport of today.

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The Art of Dressage: From the Battlefield to the Grand Prix in the Spotlight of Criticism

Dressage is considered the pinnacle of the partnership between horse and rider. Anyone watching a Grand Prix freestyle at the Olympic level sees a horse seemingly weightless, moving as if by magic, as it dances through the arena. Behind this lightness, however, lie years of meticulous training, a centuries-old tradition – and, in recent years, an increasingly emotional debate about the animal's welfare.

Historical Development: From Struggle for Survival to Art Form

Paradoxically, the roots of dressage lie not in aesthetics, but in the harsh reality of war. As early as ancient Greece, the general Xenophon (c. 430–354 BC) recognized that a horse is only useful in battle if it is rideable, agile, and absolutely obedient. His treatise On Horsemanship is considered the first standard work on non-violent horse training.

With the advent of firearms, cavalry lost its military significance, but horsemanship survived in the European courts of the Renaissance and Baroque periods. In institutions like the Spanish Riding School in Vienna (founded in 1565), the training of horses was elevated to a pure art form. Exercises such as the piaffe (trotting in place) and the capriole (a spectacular leap into the air) originated directly from the defensive maneuvers of Baroque warfare.

In the 20th century, academic horsemanship finally transformed into modern competitive sport. Since 1912, dressage has been a regular event at the Olympic Games.

A rider sits on a brown-and-white spotted horse during a dressage exercise or competition. The scene takes place in a dressage arena. Position marker A is visible in the background. As it moves, the horse has just lifted its right front hoof and left hind hoof.
©R. Vidmar (echonet)

Structure of the Sport: Classes and Competitions

Today, dressage in competitive events is divided into various performance classes, ranging in Germany from E (beginner) through A (novice), L (light), and M (medium) to the highest class, S (advanced).

Riders compete in a standardized arena (20 x 40 meters for lower classes, 20 x 60 meters for advanced levels). Letters around the perimeter of the arena serve as reference points, indicating precisely defined movements that must be performed.

Important International Competitions

In top-level international dressage (Grand Prix level), there are three main tests:

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Sport Under Fire: Criticism and Animal Welfare Debates

Despite its enduring appeal, dressage is facing unprecedented criticism today. Animal rights activists, veterinarians, and even voices within the equestrian world itself are increasingly questioning the training methods and judging systems used in modern elite sport.

Hyperflexion ("Rollkur")

Perhaps the most controversial topic in dressage is the so-called »rollkur« (artificial hyperextension of the horse's neck downwards and backwards). This involves pulling the horse's head extremely close to its chest through excessive rein pressure.

The criticism: This posture severely restricts the horse's field of vision, impairs its breathing, and leads to chronic damage to the cervical spine and muscles. Although the German Equestrian Federation (FN) and the International Equestrian Federation (FEI) have banned the method in its extreme form, gray areas are still frequently observed in the warm-up arenas of international competitions.

Coercion Instead of Harmony

Critics complain that the judging systems often reward spectacular, unnatural movements (such as extreme "pawing" with the front legs) with high marks, even when the horse is visibly stressed (recognizable by wide eyes, constantly swishing tail, or an open mouth). The actual goal of dressage—relaxation and the horse's voluntary cooperation—is thus relegated to the background.

Blue Tongues and Behavioral Problems

Time and again, undercover reports or close-up shots of competitions uncover abuses: bridles fastened too tightly, making it impossible for the horse to chew, or injuries in the mouth ("blue tongues" due to insufficient blood flow caused by excessive rein pressure).

Outlook for Dressage Riding: A Sport in Transition

Dressage is at a turning point. To avoid losing its social acceptance ("social license"), the federations are increasingly taking action. Controls in the warm-up arenas have been tightened; bridle and bit checks immediately after the test are now standard practice, and judges are encouraged to more consistently penalize signs of stress in horses with point deductions.

The future of dressage will depend on whether it succeeds in returning the sport to its harmonious roots: a training that makes the horse more beautiful and proud, rather than breaking it.

. Beyond the arena, one can see a strip of meadow and a path, followed by a field of corn. The rider and her horse are moving across the frame from left to right.
©R. Vidmar (echonet)

History of Dressage Riding

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